Это анимированное руководство про ОЗУ. Темы включают как работает оперативная память, скорость ОЗУ, DRAM, SDRAM, Rambus RDRAM, DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, и ECC.
Ever wonder how the operator in your smartphone works?
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In this video we explore the primary processor or the System on a Chip or SoC which is essentially the brain of your smartphone. Well explore the different sections of the SoC and then see how data moves around. Next, well explore what happens when you take a picture, and how the SoC processes this data. Following that, well take a look at the CPU section, and finally, well see how these SoC are designed and manufactured.
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A FEW IMPORTANT NOTES:
1: At the end I said cooling is not required. I went off script here, I meant to say «additional cooling». Any fans your CPU or case comes with are most certainly required.
2: A GPU is technically a component within the Graphics card (CPU is to Computer as GPU is to Graphics card) but if youre thinking about building a computer the terms are used interchangably. Every graphics card comes with a GPU inside of it and they are often referred to as GPU because that is the defining characteristic of a graphics card.
3: Solid State Drives are the same thing as hard drives, just with less space and faster speed due to the lack of spinning disks.
4: A GPU is technically not an *essential* part of a computer. You can boot without it. But to do almost anything desktop computers are good for, you will need a grahpics card.
A brief explanation of what each component in a home PC does.
PCIe slots are used to connect graphics cards, sound cards, other interface cards and some SSDs to PC motherboards. This video explains everything you need to know about PCIe slots, including PCIe slot sizes, lanes, versions and compatibility. Also included is a quick history of motherboard expansion slots from ISA to PCIe.
The inside of a microchip is a mysterious thing. Here, we zoom into a microchip using a digital SLR camera then we transition to a scanning electron microscope, aka SEM. Although this is an older microchip, many of the same principles still apply to microchip design but with much, much smaller structures measured in nanometers instead of microns.
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The invention of transistors revolutionized human civilization like no other technology. This video demonstrates working of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) with its practical applications such as transistor as an amplifier and as a switch with help of animation. Along with transistor working of diode is also explained in the video. The video covers following topics — structure of Silicon atom, doping, N type doping, P type doping, working of Diode, working of NPN transistor and dual stage amplification.
In this multi-part series, we explore the evolution of the microprocessor and its astonishing growth in processing power over the decades. In Part 1, we learn about the first commercial CPU, the Intel 4004 and examine how it and similar early CPUs work at the fundamental level.
During the mid-1960s a revolution in miniaturization was kick-started. The idea of packing dozens of semiconductor-based transistors on to a single silicon chip spawned the integrated circuit. It laid the groundwork for a complete paradigm shift in how modern society would evolve. In March of 1971, the commercial launch of a new semiconductor product set the stage for this new era. Composed of a then-incredible 2,300 transistors, the Intel 4004 central processing unit or CPU was released.
For comparison, ENIAC, the first electronic computer built just 25 years earlier could only execute 5,000 instructions a second. But what made the 4004 so powerful wasn’t just its 1800% increase in processing power — it only consumed 1 watt of electricity, was about ¾” long and cost $5 to produce in today’s money. This was miles ahead of ENIAC’s, cost of $5.5 million in today’s money, 180kW power consumption, and 27-ton weight.
In order to understand how a CPU derives its processing power, let examine what a CPU actually does and how it interfaces with data. For all intents and purposes, we can think of a CPU as an instruction processing machine. They operate by looping through three basic steps, fetch, decode, and execute. As CPU designs evolve these three steps become dramatically more complicated and technologies are implemented that extend this core model of operation.
FETCH
In the fetch phase, the CPU loads the instruction it will be executing into itself. A CPU can be thought of as existing in an information bubble. It pulls instructions and data from outside of itself, performs operations within its own internal environment, and then returns data back. This data is typically stored in memory external of the CPU called Random Access Memory or (RAM). Software instructions and data are loaded into RAM from more permanent sources such as hard drives and flash memory. But at one point in history magnetic tape, punch cards, and even flip switches were used.
BUS
The mechanism by which data moves back and forth to RAM is called a bus. A bus can be thought of as a multi-lane highway between the CPU and RAM is which each bit of data has its own lane. But we also need to transmit the location of the data we’re requesting, so a second highway must be added to accommodate both the size of the data word and the address word. These are called the data bus and address bus respectively. In practice, these data and address lines are physical electrical connections between the CPU and RAM and often look exactly like a superhighway on a circuit board.
REGISTER
The address of the memory location to fetch is stored in the CPU, in a mechanism called a register. A register is a high-speed internal memory word that is used as a “notepad” by CPU operations. It’s typically used as a temporary data store for instructions but can also be assigned to vital CPU functions, such as keeping track of the current address being accessed in RAM. Because they are designed innately into the CPU’s hardware, most only have a handful of registers. Their word size is generally coupled to the CPU’s native architecture.
DECODE
Once an instruction is fetched the decode phase begins. In classic RISC architecture, one word of memory forms a complete instruction. This changes to a more elaborate method as CPUs evolve to complex instruction set architecture, which will be introduced in part 2 of this series.
BRANCHING
Branching occurs when an instruction causes a change in the program counter’s address. This causes the next fetch to occur at a new location in memory as oppose to the next sequential address.
OPERAND
Opcodes sometimes require data to perform its operation on. This part of an instruction is called an operand. Operands are bits piggybacked onto an instruction to be used as data. Let say we wanted to add 5 to a register. The binary representation of the number 5 would be embedded in the instruction and extracted by the decoder for the addition operation.
EXECUTION
In the execution phase, the now configured CPUs is triggered. This may occur in a single step or a series of steps depending on the opcode.
CLOCKS
In a CPU these 3 phases of operation loop continuously, workings its way through the instruction of the computer program loaded in memory. Gluing this looping machine together is a clock. A clock is a repeating pulse use to synchronize a CPU’s internal mechanics and its interface with external components. The CPU clock rate is measured by the number of pulses per second or Hertz.