We are finally getting to the end of progression in silicon technology. What will replace silicon? This video covers some of the potentials of future computing architecture.

Sources

SERIES LINK — www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC7a8fNahjQ8IkiD5f7blIYrro9oeIfJU

The rapid expansion of software from simple text-based tools to massively complex, feature-rich, highly visual products would dominate the mass-market computing world during the 1980s and 90s. And with this push, came a higher demand on processors to both efficiently utilize more memory and grow in computing power, all while keeping costs at consumer accessible levels.

RISE OF 32-BIT

During the mid-1980s, in response to the growing demands of software, the opening moves towards the mainstream adoption of 32-bit processor architecture would begin. While 32-bit architectures have existed in various forms as far back as 1948, particularly in mainframe use, at the desktop level only a few processors had full 32-bit capabilities. Produced in speeds ranging from 12Mhz to 33Mhz, the 68020 had 32 bit internal and external data buses as well as 32-bit address buses. It’s arithmetic logic unit was also now natively 32-bit, allowing for single clock cycle 32-bit operations.

One year later, Intel would introduce its own true 32-bit processor family, the 80386. Not only did it offer a new set of 32-bit registers and a 32-bit internal architecture, but also built-in debugging capabilities as well as a far more powerful memory management unit, that addressed many of the criticisms of the 80286.

This allowed most of the instruction set to target either the newer 32-bit architecture or perform older 16-bit operations. With 32-bit architecture, the potential to directly address and manage roughly 4.2 GB of memory proved to be promising. This new scale of memory addressing capacity would develop into the predominant architecture of software for the next 15 years.

On top of this, protected mode can also be used in conjunction with a paging unit, combining segmentation and paging memory management. The ability of the 386 to disable segmentation by using one large segment effectively allowed it to have a flat memory model in protected mode. This flat memory model, combined with the power of virtual addressing and paging is arguably the most important feature change for the x86 processor family.

PIPLINING

CPUs designed around pipelining can also generally run at higher clock speeds due to the fewer delays from the simpler logic of a pipeline’s stage. The instruction data is usually passed in pipeline registers from one stage to the next, via control logic for each stage.

Data inconsistency that disrupts the flow of a pipeline is referred to as a data hazard. Control hazards are when a conditional branch instruction is still in the process of executing within the pipeline as the incorrect branch path of new instructions are being loaded into the pipeline.

One common technique to handle data hazards is known as pipeline bubbling. Operand forwarding is another employed technique in which data is passed through the pipeline directly before it’s even stored within the general CPU logic. In some processor pipelines, out-of-order execution is use to helps reduce underutilization of the pipeline during data hazard events.

Control hazards are generally managed by attempting to choose the most likely path a conditional branch will take in order to avoid the need to reset the pipeline.

CACHING

In caching a small amount of high-speed static memory, is used to buffer access to a larger amount of lower-speed but less expensive, dynamic memory.

A derived identifier, called a tag, that points to the memory region the block represents, amongst all possible mapped regions it can represent, is also stored within the cache block. While simple to implement, direct mapping creates an issue when two needed memory regions compete for the same mapped cache block.

When an instruction invokes memory access, the cache controller calculates the block set the address will reside in and the tag to look for within that set. If the block is found, and it is marked as valid, then the data requested is read from the cache. This is known as a cache hit and it is the ideal path of memory access due to its speed. If the address cannot be found within the cache then it must be fetched from slower system memory. This is known as a cache miss and it comes with a huge performance penalty as it can potentially stall an instruction cycle while a cache update is performed.

Writing data to a memory location introduces its own complication as the cache must now synchronize any changes made to it with system memory. The simplest policy is known as a write-through cache, where data written to the cache is immediately written to system memory. Another approach known as write-back or copy-back cache, tracks written blocks and only updates system memory when the block is evicted from the cache by replacement.

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We use touchscreen displays for hours every day, but do you know about all the intricate layers and components that make them work? This episode goes into the structure and basic function of a touchscreen display. What goes into making toughened glass strong, how do capacitive touchscreens work, and how do OLEDs work? The merging of these technologies is what arguably makes the smartphone what it is! Take a look and learn more.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Join the Branch Education community on our Patreon page found here: www.patreon.com/brancheducation
We need more engineers throughout the world, and to do that we need better engineering education!

Table of Contents:
00:53 The Layers
01:35 Section 1: Toughened Glass
03:18 Section 2: Capacitive Touchscreen
05:07 Section 3: OLED Display
07:18 Section 4: Summary
07:48 Section 8: Outro

Key Branches from this video are: Multitouch, Electric Fields, Capacitors, OLEDs, LCDs, Material Transparency, Interface Aesthetics

Made by Teddy Tablante

Addendum

Lets build a circuit that displays an image on a VGA monitor! In this video, I talk about how VGA signals work and build a circuit that provides the correct timing of sync signals so that a monitor recognizes the signal.

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Learn how computers work in this series where I build and program a basic computer with the classic 6502 microprocessor. More info: www.eater.net/6502

Part 2: www.youtube.com/watch?v=yl8vPW5hydQ
Part 3: www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO8_2JJV0B4
Part 4: www.youtube.com/watch?v=FY3zTUaykVo
Part 5: www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBjQVxVxOxc
Part 6: www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_wrxBdXTgM
Part 7: www.youtube.com/watch?v=omI0MrTWiMU

Support these videos on Patreon: www.patreon.com/beneater or eater.net/support for other ways to support.

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Michael Burke
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Software and technology has changed every aspect of the world we live in. At one extreme are the ‘mission critical’ applications — the code that runs our banks, our hospitals, our airports and phone networks. Then there’s the code we all use every day to browse the web, watch movies, create spreadsheets… not quite so critical, but still code that solves problems and delivers services.

But what about the code that only exists because somebody wanted to write it? Code created just to make people smile, laugh, maybe even dance? Maybe even code that does nothing at all, created just to see if it was possible?

Join Dylan Beattie — programmer, musician, and creator of the Rockstar programming language — for an entertaining look at the art of code. We’ll look at the origins of programming as an art form, from Conways Game of Life to the 1970s demoscene and the earliest Obfuscated C competitions. We’ll talk about esoteric languages and quines — how DO you create a program that prints its own source code? We’ll look at quine relays, code golf and generative art, and we’ll explore the phenomenon of live coding as performance — from the pioneers of electronic music to modern algoraves and live coding platforms like Sonic Pi.

Check out more of our talks, courses, and conferences in the following links:
ndcconferences.com/
ndc-london.com/

Было ли вам когда-нибудь трудно что-либо найти или понять, где установлены программы в Linux? Вот объяснение, для чего все эти папки и что в них находится!
Поддержать меня на Patreon: www.patreon.com/doriandotslash
Music by MrGamer (@AndreasRohdin): soundcloud.com/gamermachine

Как делать резервную копию файлов: youtu.be/eQA51w69MNQ

A system administrator, or sysadmin, is a person who is responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems; especially single-user computers, such as servers. The system administrator seeks to ensure that the uptime, performance, resources, and security of the computers they manage meet the needs of the users, without exceeding a set budget when doing so.

To meet these needs, a system administrator may acquire, install, or upgrade computer components and software; provide routine automation; maintain security policies; troubleshoot; train or supervise staff; or offer technical support for projects

Get the full IT specialization cerficate: www.coursera.org/specializations/google-it-support
System Administration and IT Infrastructure Services full course: www.coursera.org/learn/system-administration-it-infrastructure-services

Topic Covered:::::::

Introduction to System Administration and IT Infrastructure Services
Course Introduction

What is Systems Administration?

Servers Revisited

The Cloud

Systems Administration Tasks
Organizational Policies

IT Infrastructure Services

User and Hardware Provisioning

Routine Maintenance

Vendors

Troubleshooting and Managing Issues

In Case of Fire, Break Glass

What are IT Infrastructure Services?

The Role of IT Infrastructure Services in SysAdmin

Types of IT Infrastructure Services

Server Operating Systems
Virtualization

Remote Access Revisited

Network Services

FTP, SFTP, and TFTP

NTP

Network Support Services Revisited

DNS

DNS for Web Servers

DNS for Internal Networks

DHCP

Troubleshooting Network Services

LectureUnable to Resolve a Hostname or Domain Name

Software Services

Configuring Communication Services

Configuring Email Services

Configuring User Productivity Services

Configuring Security Services

Heather Managing Self Doubt

File Services
What are file services?

Network File Storage

Print Services
Configuring Print Services

Platform Services
Web Servers Revisited

What is a database server?

Is the website down?

Introduction to Directory Services

What is a directory server?

Implementing Directory Services

Centralized Management
What is centralized management?

LDAP
What is LDAP?

What is LDAP Authentication?

Heather Overcoming Obstacles

Active Directory
What is Active Directory?

Managing Active Directory

Managing Active Directory Users and Groups

Joining an Active Directory Domain

What is Group Policy?

Group Policy Creation and Editing
Group Policy Inheritance and Precedence

Group Policy Troubleshooting

What is OpenLDAP?

Managing OpenLDAP

Planning for Data Recovery

LectureWhat is Data Recovery?

Backing Up Your Data

Backup Solutions

Testing Backups

Types of Backup

User Backups

Disaster Recovery Plans
Whats a Disaster Recovery Plan?

Designing a Disaster Recovery Plan

*******************************************************************
Credit: The creator of this contents is Google.
License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
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Join our community and stay up to date with computer science
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In this course you will learn the most basic of Information technology. No matter you are complete beginner or want to be IT professional, then this IT fundamental course is the right
course for you to start. You will learn everything you need to know about IT. You will learn each and every basic of IT and develop strong skill and understanding of information technology.

*******************************************************************
Credit: The creator of this contents is Google ( Team: Grow with Google )
License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
You can take this professional certificate here: www.coursera.org/specializations/google-it-support
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Have you ever wondered how your smartphone can store countless pictures, songs, or videos? Or, have you wondered when you download a podcast to your smartphone, where does it actually get stored? In this video, we will open up your smartphone and take a look at the inside of the memory storage microchip. This same microchip is also used to store data in solid-state drives, or SSDs in your computer, in tablets, and inside flash drives. The technology is called VNAND or V-NAND, and its incredible how engineers were able to fit such an insane amount of memory storage capacity in such a small space.

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Join our YouTube Membership!

Website: www.branch.education
Patreon: www.patreon.com/brancheducation
Written, animated, and edited- Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over- Phil Lee

Timestamps:
0:00 — Intro into SSDs
2:06 — Example of Saving a Picture
4:17 — Pixel Calculations
5:19 — Single Memory Cell
7:59 — Vertical Strings and Pages
10:34 — Control Gates of VNAND
12:00 — Calculations of Example Array
13:09 — True size of an SSD microchip
14:50 — Overall chip in an SSD
16:07 — Outro
16:32 — Creators comments
16:54 — Future Episodes

This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how VNAND works. These are the episodes in the series:
1) [18min] Overview on how SSDs / VNAND / Smartphone storage works.
2) [3min] Quick/Abridged episode of the overview
3) How charge trap flash works. (details on a single memory cell)
4) How strings of memory cells work (details on a stack of memory cells)
5) How a massive array of memory cells are organized. (Terabit Cell Array Transistor, TCAT)
6) How is VNAND manufactured?
7) Possible episode on an analogy using a city